Chile has the world’s largest copper reserves and is also the largest producer and exporter of the metal. In 2011, Chile expects global copper output will reach [1] 16.5 million tonnes, an increase of 345,000 tonnes over 2010. Of the 16.5 million tonnes of output, Chile expects to supply 5.7 million, roughly [2]
one-third [3] of the total demand [4].
1. I bildlig betydelse motsvaras 'komma fram till, nå' av reach. Komma fram till = anlända = arrive som inte är lika formellt som vårt anlända. Som f.d. radiotelegrafist på fartyg är jag väl bekant med (lättsända) förkortningen ETA (. - .-) 'Estimated Time of Arrival' som sändes till hamnkaptenerna från sjön.
'Komma' i betydelsen 'dyka upp, heter turn up eller show up anlända'
2. Ungefärligt antal = 'roughly, about, around'. 'About' är det vanligaste. 'Round' kan också användas i British English när det handlar om tid: I'll be back (a)round/about lunchtime.
There were roughly 200 people there - How many people, roughly? - Roughly speaking, I'd say 200 - The cost of the two systems is roughly equal/roughly the same.
3. One-third (a third) 1/3 1= täljare = numerator, 3= nämnare = denominator. Bråk = fraction (bråk = gräl, konflikt, oväsen, upståndelse har många motsvarigheter som quarrel, noise, row, din, racket).
Vid mer invecklade bråk används i engelskan ordet over: 317/509 three hundred and seventeen over five hundred and nine.
4. Demand 'begära, fordra, påyrka, kräva. We demand that which is owing and ought to be given; we require that which we wish and expect to have done. A demand is more positive than a requisition; the former properly admits of no question; the latter is liable to be both questioned and refused: the creditor makes a demand on the debtor; the master requires a certain portion of duty from his servant; it is unjust to demand of a person what he has no right to give; it is un reasonable to require of him what it is not in his power to do.
Copper mining has played a significant role in the Chilean economy since [1] at least 1825 when foreign investors were actively competing to control the country’s rich [2] copper and silver deposits. By 1835, Chile was exporting 12,700 tonnes of copper per year, mostly to the United States. By 1860 copper accounted for fifty-five percent of the economy.
1. Since, as, because and for can be used to give the reason for an action or situation. There are difference between them.
As and since are used when the reason is already well known, or is less important than the rest of the sentence. Since is a little more formal than as. As- and since-clauses often begin the sentence.
Because is generally used when the reason is the most important part of the sentece. Therefore, the because-clause usually comes at the end.
For suggests that the reason is given as an afterthought: a for-clause could almost be in brackets. For-clauses never come at the beginning of the sentence.
2. Rich 'rik' här = 'mäktig'.
Wealthy 'rik, förmögen'; opulent 'rik,frodig,vräkig,flott'
Historically, Chile has been highly-dependent on its copper exports. After the War of the Pacific (1879-83), the quantity of copper that Chile mined continued to skyrocket [1]. Although [2] the demand for copper put Chile way ahead of other nations in the region, its increasing dependence on copper put it at the mercy of the world market. When copper prices dropped or industrial slumps hit Europe, Chile’s economy went into a tailspin [3]. Chile has diversified in the years since, and now ranks as the most competitive Latin-American economy. Exports account for 40 percent of GDP [4] ; and commodities account for 30 percent [5] of the exports.
1. Skyrocket 'plötsligt gå brant uppåt' särskilt vad gäller pris.
2. Although. Europeiska engelskstuderande har i allmänhet inga större problem med konjunktioner som t.ex. 'although' eller and, but och because'. Svårare är det för de som talar arabiska eller kinesiska, och typiska fel som de gör är:
* Although she was tired, but she went to work. * Because I liked him, so I went out with him.
* As you know, that I work very hard. Det räcker med en konjunktion för att sammanbinda två satser. I exemplen skulle vi bara ha använt although or but, because or so, as or that. (Although she was tired, she went to work. he was tired, but she went to work etc).
Dock, två konjunktioner kan användas för att binda samman tre satser. She was tired. She went to work. She didn't stay there long. Although she was tired, she went to work, but she didn't stay there long.
Liknande misstag är att använda that tillsammans med ett ord som how, where or wheter (typiska misstag: *"I asked him that how he was travelling *I wondered that where she lived.
That är en konjunktion, liksom how, where och wheter så bara en av dem skall användas för att binda ihop två satser.
3. Inte bara ett flygplan kan råka ut för 'tailspin' (spinn). Även exemplevis aktiekursen eller som här kopparpriset. Något plötsligt, mindre trevligt händer.
4. GDP (The Gross Domestic Product) 'BNP'
5. I USA 'percent', men i brittisk engelska särskrivning 'per cent'.
Percent/Per cent 'procent'; percentage 'andel' och percentage point 'procentenhet'.
Geology
Chile owes its mineral riches to its location over a subduction zone. Chile is part of the “Pacific Ring of Fire” a zone where the pacific plate dives below various continental plates. The less dense oceanic plate slips at a gradual angle below the continental plate, creating a zone of high-friction, high-temperatures and high-pressures. This is a dangerous zone, prone to volcanoes and earthquakes. In fact, 90 percent of the earth’s earthquakes happen along the “Ring of Fire.”
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| Fin, illustrativ bild av "Ring of Fire" som jag hittat på nätet (ser ut att ha spring i benen). |
and molybdenum [1].
1. Metall-grundämnet Molybden (MO) som ju också finns i våra celler.
Huvudkälla "Practical English Usage", Michael Swan, Oxford University Press
Rätta mig om jag (mina böcker) har fel.
